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NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has teamed up with
the W.M. Keck Observatory to precisely measure the mass of Eris, the
largest member of a new class of dwarf planets in our solar system.
Eris is 1.27 times the mass of Pluto, formerly the largest member
of the Kuiper Belt of icy objects beyond Neptune.
Hubble observations in 2006 showed that Eris is slightly
physically larger than Pluto. But the mass could only be calculated
by observing the orbital motion of the moon Dysnomia around Eris.
Multiple images of Dysnomia's movement along its orbit were taken
by Hubble and Keck.
Astronomer Mike Brown of the California Institute
of Technology in Pasadena, Calif. and colleagues also report in this
week's Science Magazine that Dysnomia is in a nearly circular 16-day
orbit. This favors the idea that Dysnomia was born out of a collision
between Eris and another Kuiper Belt object (KBO). A gravitationally
captured object would be expected to be in a more elliptical orbit.
The satellites of Pluto, as well as the Earth-Moon
system are also believed to have been born out of a collision process
where debris from the smashup goes into orbit and coalesces into a
satellite.
By comparing the mass and diameter, Brown has calculated
a density for Eris of 2.3 grams per cubic centimeter. This is very
similar to the density of Pluto, the large Kuiper Belt object 2003
EL61, and Neptune's moon Triton which is likely a captured KBO. These
higher densities imply that these bodies are not pure ice but must
have a significant rocky composition.
The discovery of Eris in 2005 (originally nicknamed
Xena, and officially cataloged 2003 UB313) prompted a debate over
the planetary status of Pluto because astronomers realized they would
have to call it the "10th" planet if Pluto retained its
own planetary status, which was already under debate. This led the
International Astronomical Union, in 2006, to make a new class of
solar system object called dwarf planets. These are spherical bodies
in hydrostatic equilibrium (objects that have sufficient gravity to
overcome their own rigidity and form a spherical shape) like the planets,
but unlike the major planets in the solar system, they have not gravitationally
cleared out the neighborhood of particles and small debris along their
orbits. {Actual Article written by- (hubblesite.org)
}
Mars picture by Mars Anomaly Research (marsanomolyresearch.com)
NASA Illustration of a sunrise from Gliese 581c
Illustration Credit & Copyright: Karen
Wehrstein
"Gliese 581c is the most Earth-like planet yet
discovered and lies a mere 20 light-years distant. The central red
dwarf is small and redder than our Sun but one of the orbiting planets
has recently been discovered to be in the habitable zone where liquid
water could exist on its surface. Although this planet is much different
from Earth, orbiting much closer than Mercury and containing five
times the mass of Earth, it is now a candidate to hold not only oceans
but life enabled by the oceans. Were future observations to confirm
liquid water, Gliese 581c might become a worthy destination or way
station for future interstellar travelers from Earth."- quote
from Nasa website.
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